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International

What sovereign debt restructuring is and why it takes so long

International

Sovereign debt restructuring: its definition and protracted nature

Juolie F. Roseberg

Sovereign debt restructuring refers to a negotiated or court-assisted adjustment of a nation’s external or domestic public debt conditions once the original obligations become untenable; this process usually revises interest…

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

International

How central banks respond to external economic shocks

Juolie F. Roseberg

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable reaction hinges on the…

Why power grids are a bottleneck for clean energy

International

What drives different speeds in global energy transition?

Juolie F. Roseberg

The shift from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy systems is neither uniform nor inevitable. Countries progress at different rates because the transition depends on a complex mix of economics, institutions,…

An unfinished Iran war could give Xi the upper hand in Trump talks, sources say

International

Potential Iran War: Xi Gains Upper Hand in Trump Discussions, Sources Reveal

Juolie F. Roseberg

A crucial meeting between China and the United States is approaching under the shadow of geopolitical uncertainty.China is pressing ahead with plans for a high-level meeting between its leader Xi…

How do Americans engage with local government: city councils, school boards, elections?

International

Unfinished Iran War: Xi’s Advantage in Trump Talks, Sources Say

Juolie F. Roseberg

A pivotal encounter between China and the United States is drawing near amid mounting geopolitical uncertainty.China continues moving forward with plans for a high‑level meeting between its leader Xi Jinping…

Why global supply chains still feel fragile

International

The Forces Behind Increasing Global Disparity

Juolie F. Roseberg

Global inequality—both across nations and within their borders—has evolved through a tangled interplay of economic, technological, political and environmental forces over the past forty years, with some dynamics narrowing gaps…

What is the break-even point and how do I calculate it?

International

The International Transmission of Inflation Explained

Juolie F. Roseberg

Inflation does not arise solely from internal demand or wage-driven forces. Open economies consistently take in price pressures generated abroad. Imported inflation emerges when rising costs of foreign goods and…

International

Single Energy Supplier Dependence: What You Need to Know

Juolie F. Roseberg

Relying on a single energy supplier means that a household, business, community, or country obtains most or all of its energy—electricity, natural gas, heating fuel, or critical components for renewable…

International

How climate compliance is monitored when data is weak

Juolie F. Roseberg

Weak or incomplete environmental data is a pervasive challenge for governments, regulators, and companies trying to enforce climate rules. Weak data can mean sparse measurement networks, inconsistent self-reporting, outdated inventories,…

How peace processes balance stability and accountability

International

Peace Processes and the Stability-Accountability Nexus

Juolie F. Roseberg

Peace processes must navigate a central tension: stabilizing a post-conflict environment quickly enough to prevent renewed violence, while ensuring sufficient accountability to address grievances, deter future abuses, and deliver justice…